Utopia in 1984 by George Orwell - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 971 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2018/12/28 Category Literature Essay Type Book review Level High school Tags: 1984 Essay George Orwell Essay Did you like this example? Utopia is the act of having an imagining community which is in possession of highly desirable qualities when it comes to its citizens. Whereby, this is a perfectly designed place with totally no any problems arising from or even within it. Such type of places emphasizes on the equality in governance, the economy and justice and these are usually achieved by the proposal and implementation of variously based ideologies. (Orwell) But this seemed to be going all wrong and totally the opposite of what was expected among the citizens of Oceania, for the place turned to be full of suspicions, curiosity, discomfort, anger, malicious behavior and the worst of it all is the loss for true love. Frequent riots and misconducts would occur therefore turning civilized and humbled people into becoming barbarians and savages. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Utopia in 1984 by George Orwell" essay for you Create order George Orwell deeply and extensively explains it all in his novel, 1984, describing how some of the citizens were being turned against their very own government plus its officials that is when they came to the realization of the corrupt ideas plus falsehoods that were being exercised by the Utopian government. This was being achieved by the government coming up with insane and unrealistic laws that mostly favored them since they were the ones in power, harsh and heavy punishments were formed and this was mostly targeted to force a sense of fear in the citizens of Ocean and the worst part is that their rights were ripped and taken away from them this way they could not complain or even sue the governments evil practices in the city. The citizens became powerless and less worthy in the eyes of the Utopian government. (CRAM ) The police of Ocean was very strict and keen to arrest anyone who has broken the rules or decided not to act as he or she expected to according to the rules that were forced on them. This type of system resulted in people feeling like both their privacy plus individualism have been brutally stolen from them by the very same police. Most of them felt as if they will become inhuman and totally erased away from the earths surface, in case they commit something wrong. (CRAM ) According to George Orwells novel, Oceania is divided into specifically three classes and these are; the inner party, the outer party and finally the proles. From the three classes, the inner party is the ruling class since it generally controls the Thought Police plus it maintains all the Outer Party members to be under the constant close supervision and this was mainly achieved through the advanced technologies such as the telescreen. While on the other hand, the proles were put to be living in a relatively depressing condition but the funny thing is that they were not being as monitored as the outer party members and all these were done in order to start up a revolution of better and highly qualified people both mentally and physically. Dystopia is the place where people are not treated well and fairly, therefore making it be a place where it is full of fear and unhappiness. Dystopia is the total opspoite of Utopia as discussed earlier on. George Orwell warns us of how greed and high power can lead to turning off an individualshumanity. (Cardona) All due to power, people are able and willing to do everything that is necessary for their strength in order to achieve the controlling of other peoples actions and thoughts. He clearly talks of the authoritarian regimes so that we can be totally aware of their existence and fight against such evil acts so that we can gain back our freedom. He continues by motivating us that we do not have to allow political regimes or people intervene in our own lives and that we can think and the reason for ourselves plus grow individually without their interference. And this can be achieved by having a voice in the society, whereby he is not encouraging for people to be part of the aggressive and oppression movements which are still being seen to be existing globally. George Orwell further warns us that as the people of the modern era we should very much aware and alert of the injustices that a dictator intends to enforce on us. He enriches our mentality by mentioning that nobody belongs to anyone, and therefore we should not allow any person to tell us about what to do or not do especially if it is against our own will. (Cardona) He extensively says that at some point the media may fool us, plus the government may be having an eye on every move made at all time, and if any person tries to complain of the unjust ways of the government a death threat may be thrown to the people. But still, he insists that we should not allow anybody control and manipulates our mind, as the book ends with Winston saying that he loves a big brother. In conclusion, from George Orwells point of view, it is evident that there are some individuals who are always ready to control and oppress others by taking away their freedom and rights. And this can be seen from individual politicians to the government as a whole, and therefore we should always be alert of what goes on in our country and be ready to fight against that which is intended to be against freedom and benefit of the people. I highly advise that every citizen should take George Orwells advice, of equality and fairness, to be a challenge that it will be strictly followed and monitored both individually and a nation. Work Cited Cardona, Fabyana. What is Orwell Warning Us Against, and How Does He Achieve This? 15 December 2014. 7 December 2017 . CRAM. Oceania Citizen in 1984 Essay. 11 December 2016. 7 December 2017 . Orwell, George. 1984. London, Oceania: Arcturus Publishing Limited, 1949.

I Shall Protect You From The Plague. Alice Mcmurray. Period

I Shall Protect You From The Plague Alice McMurray Period 6 April 21, 2017 Introduction Greetings, my great and powerful king! It is I, Margaret Stone, and I have come to inform you of the troubles of the Black Death. My great great grandfather, Michael of Piazza, was the first to record information on the Black Plague. I am writing this to protect you from ever getting this terrible, terrible disease. We can’t have a king as great as you die from this; it wouldn’t be a death equivalent to your superiority. I, myself, have never gotten such thing, for God has decided to protect me and the rest of my family, for reasons we do not know of. But, one day, I was looking around in my convent and I was deeper in than I had ever imagined I†¦show more content†¦People had many reasons for why this was happening to them, and how it had gone through the Mediterranean. The main cause of this was, of course, God. This plague was said to be one of the signs that the end of the world was coming soon. Others thought that it was because of the heretics, so people went around killing Jews. That wasn’t the only thing they blamed on Jews; they also blamed Jews for poisoning the water in the wells. But that wasn’t all people thought was the cause of the plague. There were numerous rumors that had to do with the movement of planets, volcanoes, polluted air, and plenty more. But, as we all know, God is obviously the cause. Who would believe any of the other ones? The origins and causes of this plague are awfully important if you don’t want the plague to ever come back. Just try not to get on God’s bad side, and if you ever hear anything about a plague in the Middle East and Asia, beware, you can’t be certain that it won’t pass the Mediterranean Sea. The Symptoms My ancestor’s journal talked of this, especially: the symptoms. This is an incredibly important aspect of the Black Death, for, of course, you can’t know to find cures for the Black Plague if you donâ€℠¢t know that that is indeed what you have. In my great great grandfather’s journal, he explains how he helped the sick, and therefore was able to determine the symptoms of the plague. There

Digestive Process Essay Example For Students

Digestive Process Essay It is in the mouth, that the Thanksgiving feast begins its journey through the fabulous digestive system. It is here that the lips, cheeks and tongue, carefully position the food that the teeth will chew. This chewing process breaks up the food, this being a part of mechanical digestion. While the teeth grind up the turkey and tasty stuffings, the salivary glands begin emitting enzymes, these enzymes being contained in saliva. This saliva helps to dissolve some foods, and adds mucus to make the foods passage through the digestive system a little more speedy. The saliva also attacks dangerous microorganisms which enter the mouth. Saliva also contains an enzyme which helps to break down carbohydrates into sugars. As the food is being ground and coated with saliva, its passed over the taste buds, which in turn send messages to the brain. The brain uses this information to decide whether or not the food should be swallowed. The food is then gathered into a ball, called a bolus, and it is pushed down into the pharynx by way of the tongue. This bolus of Thanksgiving meal is then passed down the esophagus, the esophagus being a 24cm long tube which connects the pharynx and stomach. Lining the walls of the esophagus are rings of muscle which contract in waves, pushing the bolus down the length of the esophagus. At the base of the esophagus, where the esophagus and stomach join, a thick ring of muscle called a sphincter, is found. This sphincter acts like a valve, as it allows food to pass into the stomach but does not permit it to pass back up through the esophagus. The stomach, which is in the essence a large muscle sack, contains three sets of glands which produce gastric fluids. One set produces mucus which coats the food, making it slippery, and it protects the stomach walls from being digested by its own secretions. The second set of manufactures hydrochloric acid, which aids in the break-down of foods. In conjunction with hydrochloric acid, pepsin, which aids in the break-down of protein into smaller polypeptides, begins the process of protein digestion. The stomachs muscular walls move around the food and mucus, mixing them with the gastric fluids produced. The food becomes a pasty substances referred to as chyme, after about 2 or 3 hours of grinding within the stomach. The pyloric valve, or gateway between the stomach and small intestine, opens. The chyme contained in the stomach is then forced down into the small intestine by a process called peristalsis. The chyme is then forced along the entire 20ft of small intestine, where the process of breaking down the food, and taking out its vitamins, minerals, etc., is continued. These vitamins and minerals will be used throughout the rest of the body, once they have been placed into the bloodstream. After making its way through the small intestine, the chyme is passed on through the colon, or large intestine. The colon proceeds to remove water from the chyme passing through it, reducing it into solid waste, or feces. Again, through the process of peristalsis, the fecal matter is passed through the colon, where it will then gather at the end of the colon, in rectum. Muscles located in the colon prevent the feces from being released until it becomes convenient for us to expel them from the body, by way of the anus. Bibliography:

Tim OBriens The Things They Carried Essays - The Things They Carried

Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried Critical Review: Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried is not a novel about the Vietnam War. It is a story about the soldiers and their experiences and emotions that are brought about from the war. O'Brien makes several statements about war through these dynamic characters. He shows the violent nature of soldiers under the pressures of war, he makes an effective antiwar statement, and he comments on the reversal of a social deviation into the norm. By skillfully employing the stylistic technique of specific, conscious detail selection and utilizing connotative diction, O'Brien thoroughly and convincingly makes each point. The violent nature that the soldiers acquired during their tour in Vietnam is one of O'Brien's predominant themes in his novel. By consciously selecting very descriptive details that reveal the drastic change in manner within the men, O'Brien creates within the reader an understanding of the effects of war on its participants . One of the soldiers, "Norman Bowler, otherwise a very gentle person, carried a Thumb. . .The Thumb was dark brown, rubbery to touch. . . It had been cut from a VC corpse, a boy of fifteen or sixteen"(13). Bowler had been a very good-natured person in civilian life, yet war makes him into a very hard-mannered, emotionally devoid soldier, carrying about a severed finger as a trophy, proud of his kill. The transformation shown through Bowler is an excellent indicator of the psychological and emotional change that most of the soldiers undergo. To bring an innocent young man from sensitive to apathetic, from caring to hateful, requires a great force; the war provides this force. However, frequently are the changes more drastic. A soldier named "Ted Lavender adopted an orphaned puppy. . .Azar strapped it to a Claymore antipersonnel mine and squeezed the firing device"(39). Azar has become demented; to kill a puppy that someone else has adopted is horrible. However, the infliction of vio lence has become the norm of behavior for these men; the fleeting moment of compassion shown by one man is instantly erased by another, setting order back within the group. O'Brien here shows a hint of sensitivity among the men to set up a startling contrast between the past and the present for these men. The effect produced on the reader by this contrast is one of horror; therefore fulfilling O'Brien's purpose, to convince the reader of war's severely negative effects. In the buffalo story, "We came across a baby water buffalo. . .After supper Rat Kiley went over and stroked its nose. . .He stepped back and shot it through the right front knee. . .He shot it twice in the flanks. It wasn't to kill, it was to hurt"(85). Rat displays a severe emotional problem here; however, it is still the norm. The startling degree of detached emotion brought on by the war is inherent in O'Brien's detailed accounts of the soldiers' actions concerning the lives of other beings. O'Brien's use of speci fic and connotative diction enhances the same theme, the loss of sensitivity and increase in violent behavior among the soldiers. The VC from which Bowker took the thumb was just "a boy"(13), giving the image of a young, innocent person who should not have been subjected to the horrors of war. The connotation associated with boy enhances the fact that killing has no emotional effect on the Americans, that they kill for sport and do not care who or what their game may be. Just as perverse as killing boys, though, is the killing of "a baby"(85), the connotation being associated with human infants even though it is used to describe a young water buffalo they torture. The idea of a baby is abstract, and the killing of one is frowned upon in modern society, regardless of species. O'Brien creates an attitude of disgust in the reader with the word, further fulfilling his purpose in condemning violence. Even more drastic in connotation to be killed is the "orphaned puppy"(39). Adding to the present idea of killing babies is the idea of killing orphaned babies, which brings out rage within the reader. The whole concept is metaphoric, based on the connotations of

Fibonacci Sequence Essays

Fibonacci Sequence Essays Fibonacci Sequence Essay Fibonacci Sequence Essay Fibonacci Sequence Fibonacci, also known as the Leonardo of Pisa, born in the early 1770’s AD in Pisa, Italy, has had a huge impact on today’s math, and is used in everyday jobs all over the world. After living with his dad, a North African educator, he discovered these ways of math by traveling along the Mediterranean Coast learning their ways of math. With the inspiration from the â€Å"Hindu-Arabic† numerical system, Fibonacci created the 0-9 number system we still use to this day. One of his most important and interesting discoveries is probably what is known as the Fibonacci sequence. It goes like this: 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, and so on. He discovered this sequence through an experiment on an over population and breeding of rabbits. He then realized that if you add the last two numbers together you get the next one. The Fibonacci sequence can be found almost anywhere including: architecture, economics, music, aesthetics, and most famously known, nature. For example the way seeds are arranged on a sunflower or pinecone, uses the Fibonacci sequence to prevent over crowding. It can also be seen in spiral galaxies, shells, the way water falls on a spider web, and even in your own body. Did you know that if you go from the bone in the tip of your finger to it’s middle it should be two fingernails long, followed by the base at about 5 fingernails, and the final bone goes all the way to about the middle of your palm which is the length of about 8 fingernails? : There are other example of this in your body to such as a DNA strand is 34 by 21 angstroms. Mozart uses it in his world-known sonatas by how many measures he puts in each section of his music. Or on a piano, if you look at the scale, there are 13 keys, 8 are white, and 5 black, which are split into groups of 2 and 3. When it comes to architecture, it’s been used as early as 2,560 BC on the Great Giza Pyramids. Leonardo DaVinci always tried to use this sequence throughout his artwork to, due to its aesthetic appeal. As for economics, some people believe that the stock market follows a sequence like Fibonacci’s but this is still being strongly debated. Yet even today, Fibonacci is known as the greatest European mathematician of the middle ages and will never be forgotten for his math contributions. I believe we are just discovering how many uses there really are for the Fibonacci Sequence, and I’m excited to see how they will evolve and become an even bigger part of our daily lives.

Emily Bronte-Cold in the earth critical analysis Essays

Emily Bronte-Cold in the earth critical analysis Essays Emily Bronte-Cold in the earth critical analysis Paper Emily Bronte-Cold in the earth critical analysis Paper On surface level, it seems that Cold in the Earth is a poem about the lose of a beloved. It deals with grief, a sense of despariring, and a feeling of coldness. However, Cold in the earth is not a display of grief but an exploration of the psychology of loss. The title Cold in the Earth gives a feeling of coldness; frozen, desperate despairing sensation, an aura of death and loss. The poem provides different perspectives of viewing the idea of loss and how one copes with loss; it can be said to serve as a multi-way lens of viewing the idea of loss. The first stanza describes the love that Bronte has lost, and is full of emotion. Deep snow piled above thee, this quote has two purposes. Firstly it describes the snow, which adds to the feeling of coldness, leaving a frozen, desperate, despairing sensation, which contrasts to the warmness associated with love. The fact that the snow is piled above thee enforces the fact that her lover is gone, far beyond reach and can never be retrieved. She then asks a rhetorical question, Have I forgot, my Only Love, to love thee, Only Love here emphasises the extent of her love by being capitalized. In the second stanza Bronte compares her thoughts to a bird my thoughts no longer hover, this metaphor shows a contrast between the freedom of flight that the bird enjoys in comparison to the containment that the persona feels. The second stanza tells us that she when alone, cannot think about the mountains near Angoras shore. This is an extremely important biographical reference to her own life; as well as a personification. Most of the poems written by Emily Bronte were based around the world that she created with her siblings. This world was called Gondal. It was a land of four provinces that was ruled by King Julius Brenzaida, one of these provinces was called Angorra. Bront had a reclusive personality it could be said that she preferred to live her life through the characters in her world. Thus, this poem Cold in the Earth can be taken from the viewpoint of Rosina Alcona (the persona), and Brenzaida. Brenzaida has died 15 years previously and Rosina is reflecting upon his death. The third stanza starts the same way the first did, Cold in the earth, this repetition reinforces the death and sadness that she feels about her lost love. This stanza seems far more positive than the last two; as she describes how after the death of her lover her life continues much like the seasons, those brown hills have melted into spring, the season spring here shows how things are getting better as she deal with his death. This shows a cyclical pattern, the spring brings her joys ans the ability to forget, whereas in the winters the memories of her 15 year dead love comes flooding back. In the fourth stanza Bronte apologises to the beloveds memory for forgetting him, if she has, Sweet Love of youth, forgive if I forget thee. She gives an explanation for her lapse in remembrance; the pressure of the the world and its affairs as well as more desires and avenues to explore, but there is also a tone of regret in the poets choice of words; hopes which obscure but cannot do thee wrong. , this statement insinuates that even though she may have other desires she never forgets the beloved, and the love she feels for others will never eclipse the love she felt and still feels for him. As if to give support to the previous statement the poet dedicates this stanza to the memory of the beloved, if the previous stanza stirred his memory, then these four lines are filled with an emotion similar to the ones persona felt shortly after his death. Almost as if her regret and remorse has been refreshed by the memory of the beloved. The words Sun and Star are both capitalised as if to enforce the effect that the beloved had on the persona. As a means of reassurance, Bronte follows the previous stanza with an almost rhetorical series of lines, as if trying to convince herself that her life is still worth living. Then did I learn how existence could be cherished, this shows that although she did feel great love for him she still has the strength of character to mourn and then put her life back together. This is in context with the third stanza, in which also points this out by saying those brown hills have melted into spring- . In the last verse Strengthened and fed without the aid of joy, the use of the word fed gives the image of rejuvenation and rebirth, an image that contributes to Brontes strength of character. Following the theme of recreation, Bronte draws feelings from her memories. Then did I check the tears of useless passion, Bronte here demonstrates the ability to pick herself up, and allow herself to heal and gain back her love for life. She also remembers herself as young, showing that as the scars that were dealt by his death heal she herself grows more mature. In this light we see that there was some good drawn from her lovers passing, the self-healing process acted as a learning curve for her and due to that learning she has gained more from life, as she now appreciates its value. In the final stanza Bronte reflects on the pain she felt, but instead of remembering it as a horrible experience she uses words like rapturous and divine, however this choice of words doesnt relieve the pain so much as it enriches it. It gives the image of a pain that could never be experienced through physical harm, but only through an assault on ones mind and soul. Another important aspect found in the poem was the stress on the ballad-like structure and lyrical as well as dramatic affect. The extensive use of commas, question marks, hyphens, and semi-colons all contribute to the lyrical affect of the poem, which reverbreates in the mind after reading it. The sprinkling of alliteration, wearing wave? , .. ever, ever , desires and darker , and the anadiplosis of the Cold in the Earth and All my lifes bliss contribute both to the dramatic and lyrical affect as well as the strenthing and stressing her wandering thoughts. There is a psychological flow in the poem: Firstly, her memories of Bronte with her lover is frozen along with the deep snow piled above her lovers corpse. Secondly, she is in the dilemma of forgetting her beloved and these memories or not. Then, she represses her wish to die and leave this world (Sternly denied its burning wish to hasten down to the tomb already more than mine). Fourthly, she cannot let go of her love for him, and she doubts upon the thought of forgetting that divinest anguish, whether she can move on with her love without such thoughts of memories (How could I see the empty world again? ). At last, no conclusion is reached. Bronte is confused and torn as ever before.

Drug Trafficking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Drug Trafficking - Research Paper Example This trade is secretly done in the black market, but if any person is caught dealing or consuming illegal drug he will have to face long tenure in jail. Drug trafficking is the most profitable trade in the world which involves very powerful people, who are well funded had possess heavy arms to defend themselves (Sherman, 2010, pp. 7-9). Drug trafficking is an international issue. The violence that culminates through drug trafficking is a problem in United States because each group traffics drug in their own specific area and very often they get involved in a fight with each other and also with the police. History and Examples The origin of drug trafficking in United States varied from state to state. In Mexico, the drug trafficking trade began during the 1990s (Hamnett, 2006, p.7). In Latin America and Mexico the drug trafficking trade began during the 1980s. The drug trafficking in Cuba started from 1920. During the year 1980, the economic condition of Latin America was crucial. Due to the major increase in unemployment and public debt, it was discovered that smuggling of drugs will be more profitable which will help to develop the financial condition of the state. Smuggling of drugs especially cocaine lead to an increase in criminal activity which eventually formed an epidemic in the United States. Then President Ronald Reagan affirmed a war against drug trafficking in the 1982. Lot of policies was made to abolish the practice of drug trafficking in Latin America but it failed badly. More loss in economy drew the peasants especially the poverty stricken people to reap coca leaves. These leaves were formed into a paste and were transported to Columbia for final processing. Drug trafficking in Columbia facilitated employment to thousands of citizens and acquired large amount of profit. Most of the profit remained in United States and Europe. Speedy growth of unofficial economic sector took place in Latin America due to the increase in drug trafficking. Massive trade in illegal narcotics started. Large amount of people are employed to work in this illegal business. Latin America remained a largest producer of narcotics into United States (La Rosa and Mejia, 2006, p. 140). The Action of Law in Drug Trafficking Cases Gradually narcotic trafficker violence became a problem that could not be ignored by the Columbian government. US adopted an anti-drug policy to control this situation. In the year 1986, the President formed a National Security Decision Directive (NSDD) that involved military power to combat against narcotic situation. Huge financial resources were spent to prevent the use of drugs. Drug supply was reduced in the country and became very expensive for consumption. The products were seized from the drug smugglers. U.S Congress started emphasizing on the source of supply of the narcotic drug and addiction problem in the country. Legal codes and law was changed in Columbia. With the help of military force Columbia was successful in capturing drugs. Farmers were incited to cultivate coffee rather than coca leaves. Traffickers became a danger to the country because they caused mortal threats. Public strongly protested against the traffickers. Government took a constructive action against the traffickers (Menzel, 2000, pp. 40-66). Views on Drug Trafficking According to The President’

Accommodation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Accommodation Management - Essay Example There are various types of hotel industries ranging from commercial, airport, conference and economy, all-suite hotels among others. Categorically, these types fall under fall broadly under luxury or budget hotels. Hotels offer diverse services to its customers depending on the type and customers to be served. Hotels offer it services both to local and international customers; most of the international customers are the tourists and travelers (Fisher, 2006). They can offer food, entertainment, education, conference space and any other needs that customers need. While the act of hiring out the space to tourists is traced back to ancient times, it has been a booming business all over the world. Hotel falls under the industry of hospitality, which has diverse but specific services all over the world. Certainly, it one of the largest employer, recruiting several persons in a puzzling array of jobs within the globe. These hotel sectors vary from prestigious five-star to the ordinary secto rs especially found in public institutions. In this section, a clear comparison is given for two broad types of hotels i.e. a luxury hotel represented by The Westmead Hotel and a budgetary Hotel represented by The Britannia Country House Hotel. For better difference, range of services provided is discussed. Similarities between The Westmead Hotel and The Britannia Country House Hotel Conferences Both hotels have well established flourished room for holding meeting especially in the issue of planning. They provide unrivalled diverse and professional rooms that suit all types of meeting for both private and public conversations (Gupta, 2007). They offer an exclusive selection of the best class hotel places with equipped facilities and good customer service. The staff is well vast with experience for coordinating and organizing conference rooms in all the lodges. All these activities are aided by well trained personnel. For every conference held, customer get prestigious accommodation, catering services and leisure activities. Accommodation They offer very luxurious accommodation in all their lodges. All are sophisticatedly presented with integrated modern and traditional styles. Although may not present the diverse technological accommodation advancement, they match the desires of all the customers of different classes. All the office operations are suited for 24-hour service, private safety and parking (Gupta, 2007). Although most of the rooms are designed for ordinary living, extreme conditional living is catered for e.g. smokers. Each room has recreational cum entertainment facilities that facilitates the customers comfort. Furthermore, the entire fees should be paid in advance though it varies from one hotel to another. Children under the age of 12 are allowed to sleep with their parents at no extra cost. Between the age of 13-18, parents pay half the price for elderly. Reservations The hotels have adopted the modern technological advancement to reserve room s. They have devised online criteria whereby esteemed customers can book for their rooms everywhere in the world. The management information system has been a great benefit. Through this system, it has facilitated smooth information flow from one department to another. The management team can then budget for the customers thus avoiding wastage of resources. Meals Food gives the name to a hotel. Both of these hotels provide a wide range of foods ranging from local to modern. They accommodate both the likes and dislikes for all the people with well trained cooks and chefs. Meals are provided at the customers’ request. Children, old and expectant mothers are treated with special attention to meet their needs. This implies that special foods

Scope of Communications Methods Essay Example for Free

Scope of Communications Methods Essay 1. Introduction Contracts are in anywhere. Contracts = â€Å"Intention†, â€Å"Agreement† and â€Å"Consideration†. The rule of Contracts will establish when offeree is accepted the offeror’s offer. â€Å"Agreement† is one important term in Contract. â€Å"Agreement† is â€Å"Offer† and â€Å"Acceptance†. Today our topic is The Postal Acceptance Rule which only applies to â€Å"Acceptance†. Hence we focus on â€Å"Acceptance† and assume that if â€Å"Acceptance† is valid, and the contract will valid too. The general rule is formed contract acceptance is actually communicated to the offeror. But The Postal Acceptance Rule is an exception of this rule. Today is the electronic world, communication is not only by postal service also use by electronic transaction. Now we will discuss The Postal Acceptance Rule is its rationale, effect, should it continue to be applied and compare to Electronic Transactions Act (ETA) for determining the timing of acceptance sent by fax and email. Also we will talk about expanding or restricting the types of modern communication methods affected by this rule. 2. History and Background of the Postal Acceptance Rule The Postal Acceptance Rule is the fifth and the last of the relevant sub-rules affecting communication of acceptance. The Rule maybe summarized in this way In 19th Century England, there only 2 method of communication between offeror and offeree deal in person or by mail. The courts had to decide the moment of contract formation by this 2 method. If the negotiating parties are deal in person, they do not face the problem of delay and failure of information transmission. If offeree accept the offer to offeror by mail, there will be a substantial delay in delivery of the letter or even totally lost in the course of post. Adams v Lindsell[1] is the case of delay acceptance and The Postal Acceptance Rule was established by this case. In Case we saw that negotiating parties were not sure the precise time of acceptance had been communicated. This created timing of the acceptance problem and led to the formation of rule. Hence the court determined the acceptance is valid when the letter of acceptance is posted. 3. Case of the Postal Acceptance Rule 3.1 Application case of the Postal Acceptance Rule According to Household Fire Carriage Accident Insurance Co (Ltd) v Grant[2], Grant applied by a letter for shares in the Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance Company Ltd. The shares were allotted to him and the letter was sent to him at the address given by him. But Grant never received this letter. Later the company went bankrupt, Grant is asking for the outstanding payments. In this case, Grant is offeror, Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance Company Ltd is offeree and the offer is buy the shares. By the Postal Acceptance Rule, the acceptance is valid when the letter of acceptance is posted no matter that the offeror is received it or not. Now the offer is accepted by offeree and offeree posted the acceptance to offeror. Hence Grant is legally bound to pay the outstanding payments. Further to case Dunlop v Higgins[3], is in same situation, Dunlop send to offer to Higgins. In the communication delay time, Dunlop’s good prices have increased. Higgins has posted the letter of acceptance when he received the offer from Dunlop. Dunlop’s won’t to supply the goods to Higgins with old prices. By Postal Acceptance Rule, hence Dunlop must comply with their offer supply the goods to Higgins with old prices. 3.2 Exclusion case of the Postal Acceptance Rule The Postal Acceptance Rule does not apply in every case. Even if the negotiating parties involved consider the postal service is an acceptable means of communication. According to Byrne v. Van Tienhoven[4], the Postal Acceptance Rule cannot accept offeror revocation their posted acceptance. In this case, Van Tienhoven had been sent out the acceptance to Byrne. But Van Tienhoven withdrawal offer and sent out the new one to Byrne before Byrne received the old offer. The court determined Van Tienhoven is not allowing to revocation of posted acceptance. The withdrawal of the offer was not effective until negotiating parties was communicated. Another case Holwell Securities Ltd v Hughes[5], the grantee must comply strictly with the conditions stipulated for exercise by the offeror. If not, the acceptance will not be valid although negotiating parties even they have telephone conversation. The Postal Acceptance Rule cannot apply when there are express terms in the offer specifying that acc eptance must reach the offeror. 4. Electronic Transactions Act ETA[6] was enacted by the Federal Government. And it creates a regulatory regime for using electronic communications transactions. It attempts to remove existing legal impediments that may prevent a person using electronic communications to satisfy legal obligations under Commonwealth law. For the purposes of a law of the Commonwealth, ETA provides criteria for determining the time and place of the dispatch and receipt of an electronic communication. The following requirements imposed under a law of the Commonwealth can be met in electronic form (a) Requirement to give information in writing (b) Requirement to provide a signature (c) Requirement to produce a document (d) Requirement to record information (e) Requirement to retain a document (ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS BILL 1999[7]) 5. Conclusion 5.1 Rationale of the Postal Acceptance Rule Contract is formed at the time and place an acceptance is communicated to the offeror. Time of acceptance communicated is very important. Because it will affect the contract’s content. After contract established, every terms added in this contract was invalid. The Postal Acceptance Rule is established for the court to determining attempt to provide some degree of certainty to an offeree accepting an offer by post. In case of Dunlop v Higgins[8], the parties can not sure the precise time of acceptance when using postal service. It had a substantial delay in delivery of the acceptance or even totally lost in the course of post. This created a number of problems and has led to a formulation of the rule. Hence the Postal Acceptance Rule would complementary with Contract Acceptance for ensure the precise time of acceptance. 5.2 Effect of the Postal Acceptance Rule The effect of the Postal Acceptance Rule is that the offerees acceptance will be valid when the moment the acceptance is correctly posted and it is not relevant whether the acceptance is delayed or even totally lost in the course of post. It means if the Postal Acceptance Rule is applied, establish contract have two more problem to be consideration â€Å"Time† and â€Å"Location†. Indeed, the courts have been concerned with locating the place of formation of a contract in the majority of cases which have considered the applicability of the Postal Acceptance Rule. 5.3 The Postal Acceptance Rule in currently applies circumstances Today, the Postal Acceptance Rule in currently applies circumstance is business convenience. It most frequently cited rationalization for retention of the rule. For example, the Company (offeror) sends the promotion letter (offer) to person (offeree) and the person accepts the offer and sends back the acceptance to correctly address. By Postal Acceptance Rule, the contract between company and person was established when the acceptance was posted. If acceptance is complete upon proper posting, this effectively allows the offeree to structure his affairs on the basis. And the binding contract is formed on postage. 5.4 The Postal Acceptance Rule and ETA In instantaneous communication most likely to applied ETA or general rule of â€Å"Acceptance†, For example, offeree accept website acceptance or telephone acceptance even though the parties are not in physical proximity of one another. This is no delayed time between the offer and the acceptance. In non-instantaneous communication most likely to applied the Postal Acceptance Rule. This had delayed time between the offer and the acceptance. Postal Acceptance Rule is handle the argued of moment of contract formation and ETA is imposed under a law of the Commonwealth can be met in electronic form. Both of the rule and are they complementary with each other. If technical delay or human error, there are no universal rule can be applied and it is needed to reference to the intentions of both parties. 5.5 Rules used for acceptance sent by Fax and Email We know that there are two types of communication, instantaneous and non-instantaneous. Instantaneous communication is no delay time between sent and received and non-instantaneous communication had delay time between sent and received. Fax is the instantaneous communication. This is because Fax transmits is same as telephone transmits. It is direct transmission from fax machines to other fax machines, transmission between sent and received is in same time. Hence Fax is instantaneous communication it most likely to applied ETA or general rules of â€Å"Acceptance†. How about of the Email? Some articles expressed that Email is instantaneous communication. Because the legislation deals a default rule for the time that Email (electronic communications) is sent and when it is received. But this is wrong, in fact according to Email transmits, it along the internet may involve travelling across the world with correctly Email address. That’s mean after click â€Å"SEND† button the transmission may be immediacy, may be takes a moment, sometimes used a few minutes or even over an hours that’s base on the network connection until the recipient received the message. The e-mail transmission through the network depends completely on the viability of the ISP[9] for the offeree and the offeror. Now we have millions of internet user, delays in e-mail communication is very normal situation. The communication may have delay and they are not sent and when it is received. We can study the case Chwee Kin Keong v Digilandmall.com Pte Ltd[10] in Singapore. Hence Email is non-instantaneous communication it most likely to applied the Postal Acceptance Rule, but Email also under the ETA. 5.6 Keeping Postal Acceptance Rule in part of Australian contract law? It must be â€Å"YES†, the Postal Acceptance Rule should continue to be applied. In application level, we know that the general acceptance principle depends on whether the method of communication is instantaneous or â€Å"non-instantaneous†. From the above discussion, Email could be considered as a non-instantaneous communication. Analyze the moment of contract formation is an essential point for the court to apply the Postal Rule of Acceptance in the context for e-mail transmission. As the method of communication is improving, some problem may be created. If the problem is relevant the moment of contract formation and the communication is defend as a non-instantaneous communication. The Postal Acceptance Rule is most likely applied on it, and the concept of the rule is not outdated. Another basic reason for keeping Postal Acceptance Rule is the electronic communication could not fully replaced the postal service. Maybe in laggard or destitute country, the postal service is the only way for the communication. In content level, the Postal Acceptance Rule was not allowed the offeror withdrawal the offer when offeror posted the offer to offeree (Byrne v. Van Tienhoven[11]). If Postal Acceptance Rule was abolished, the offeror choses he can always make the formation of the contract, until he is receive any reply. If the offeror doesn’t receive any reply from the offeree he can always make inquiries to the offeree about the offer. If the contract is not concluded there would be considerable delay in transactions and the acceptor would never be safe until he has received notice that his letter of acceptance had reached its destination[12]. In the Australian legal system which want to make the fair rule to negotiating parties. In case if Postal Acceptance Rule was abolished, the offeree was in unsafe situation. Because there are unfair to the offeree and offeree don’t get any protect by the Australian legal system. Hence the Postal Acceptance Rule should keeping in part of the Australian contract law. BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. Peter Gillies, ‘Business Law 12th Edition’, 2. David Parker and Gerald Box, Business Law for Business Students 2008 3. Kathryn O’Shea and Kylie Skeahan (1997) Acceptance of offer by E-Mail How Far Should the Postal Acceptance Rule Extend 4. Australasian Legal Information Institute http://www.austlii.edu.au/ 5. Dave Stott, Australian Law Students Association Should The Postal Acceptance Rule be Applied to E-Mail? 6. Sharon Christensen, Vol 1 No 1 QUTLJJ Formation of Contracts by Email – Is it Just the Same as the Post? 7. Electronic Transactions Act 8. Holwell Securities Ltd v Hughes [1974] 1 WLR 155 9. Exclusion of the postal acceptance rule http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/QUTLawJl/1997/18.pdf 10. Exclusion of Postal Acceptance Rule 11. Chwee Kin Keong v Digilandmall.com Pte Ltd ([2005]SGCA 2) 12. Adams v Lindsell (1818) 106 ER 250. 13. Byrne v Van Tienhoven (1880) LR 5 CPD 344 14. Dunlop v Higgins [(1848) 1 H.L.C. 381] 15. Holwell Securities Ltd v Hughes [1974] 1 WLR 155 16. 17. [pic] [1] Adams v Lindsell (1818) 106 ER 250. [2] Household Fire Carriage Accident Insurance Co (Ltd) v Grant (1879) LR ExD 216 [3] Dunlop v Higgins [(1848) 1 H.L.C. 381] [4] Byrne v. Van Tienhoven, [1880] 5 CPD 344 [5] Holwell Securities Ltd v Hughes [1974] 1 WLR 155 [6] Electronic Transactions Act [7] http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2004B00505/Revised%20Explanatory%20Memorandum/Text [8] Dunlop v Higgins [(1848) 1 H.L.C. 381] [9] Internet Service Provider [10] Chwee Kin Keong v Digilandmall.com Pte Ltd ([2005]SGCA 2) [11] Byrne v. Van Tienhoven, [1880] 5 CPD 344 [12] Kathryn O’Shea and Kylie Skeahan (1997) Acceptance of offer by E-Mail How Far Should the Postal Acceptance Rule Extend

Ban Spam :: essays research papers fc

Ban Spam   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is a new day at the office, and workers are getting online to check their electronic mail, only to find that it has been over run by unsolicited junk mail. This mail, more commonly referred to as spam has been around since the beginning of the Internet, and according to a recent article, as the Internet has grown, so has spam (†Spam Spam† E.L.) A recent study by Star Internet, based on the typical number of staff spending ten minutes a day checking their mail, indicates that spam costs companies in the U.K. 472 dollars a year per worker, and on a national scale, spam costs U.K. firms 4.6 billion dollars a year (Gold F.A.). This is just one reason why bulk unsolicited (spam) e-mail is costly, time consuming, and should be banned.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The term spam for unsolicited e-mail is believed to have originated from a Monty Python skit in which the dialogue was drowned out by shouting out the word â€Å"spam†(â€Å"How to Avoid† F.A.). This is much the way spam drowns out other messages in in-boxes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although spam is a problem for businesses, it is certainly not limited to them. A large amount of spam mail is targeted at anyone who has an e-mail address, and many adults are therefore concerned at some of the content that is sometimes received with these inconvenient messages. Some spam messages may contain explicit content, such as subject headers that display sexually explicit words and phrases that may be unsuitable for children who have access to the Internet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even though spam can contain some sexually explicit material, there are generally twelve spam scams that seem to be popular. According to one article, many spam messages may contain promises of business opportunities, making money scams, work-at-home schemes, health and diet scams, easy money, getting free merchandise, chain letters, getting free merchandise, investment opportunities, cable scrambler kits, guaranteed loans or credit with easy terms, credit repair, and vacation prize promotions (Gardner E.L.). These are the most popular, but certainly not the only spam scams that are out there today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many ways to receive spam mail, or get on a spammer’s list. Many times, e-mail addresses that are given out while filling out forms over the Internet end up on a spammer’s list. According to one article, this is generally because spammers use special harvesting software for retrieving e-mail addresses, and many times there isn’t a privacy policy that prevents companies from giving out e-mail addresses to other companies.

Servant Leadership

When we talk about leadership, we refer to people who motivate, influence, and build up relationships, based on trust, respect, and integrity. Servant leaders are people who serve first. So what is Servant leadership? Servant leader ship is â€Å"when people lead at a higher level, they make the world a better place, because their goals are focused on the greater good† (Blanchard, 2010, p. 261). For example, educators are visionaries who help attain goals, instill value, and develop potential leaders.Educators assist in strengthening and developing the mind and body, so individuals an apply their talents and become great servant leaders in the areas of healing, educating, and inspiring. Around two thousand years ago, Jesus, an educator, exemplified the fully committed and effective servant leader (Blanchard, 2010, IPPP). John C. Maxwell (2007) mentions that Apostle Paul used Jesus as the ultimate example of servant leadership (p. 1472).The book of Philippians, chapter two vers es two through eleven (Philippians 2:2-11, New King James Version), discussed how Paul encourages his audience to be humble and live selflessly; he reminds them of how Christ was the ultimate leader who made the ultimate sacrifice (Maxwell, 2007, p. 1473). Maxwell (2007) goes on to say that Jesus stepped through six levels as He moved downward toward us; he gave up His divine form, He emptied Himself of any rights, He became a man, He became a servant, He was obedient to the point of death, and He died a terrible kind of death (p. 473). Basically, one could say that Jesus relinquished the glory that He had due to the fact that he was deity and He lacked recognition and glory to/by unbelievers while He was on earth. He also took he form of a servant by becoming as a servant to man and He appeared in the form of man so that He could die for our sins. Jesus illustrated true humility in action by humbling himself and becoming obedient unto death which resulted in the humility that He di splayed in willingly going to the cross to accomplish the will of our Father. According to John C.Maxwell (2007), Jesus displayed humility in coming to earth, emptying Himself and assuming the position of a man, taking the form of a abandonment, and by becoming mortal and dying (crucifixion) (p. 1470). Apostle Paul lams that all effective leaders must live such a selfless life and that Jesus is an example of what servant leadership actually is (Maxwell, 2007, p. 1470). In a 1970 essay Robert Greengage states that servant leaders are servants first and leaders later (Degrade, Tillie, & Neal, 2001). Ken Blanchard states leadership has two parts, â€Å"vision and implementation. The visionary role is the leadership aspect of servant leadership and implementation is the servant aspect of servant leadership (Blanchard, 2010 p. 262). In the visionary role, leaders must communicate the session values and beliefs the organization stands for and how organizational values encompass the indiv idual value of its members (Blanchard, 2010, p. 262). Once people are clear on where they are going, the task of implementation kicks in. It answers the question, â€Å"How do you make the vision happen† (Blanchard, 1991)?The biggest thing leaders need in order to become a servant leader is to get their egos out of the way. Leaders who are self-serving see themselves as the center of the feel good about their self and will either hide and hope that no one notices them ND/or overcompensate and go out to try to control their environment (Blanchard, 2010, p. 274). On the other hand, servant leaders usually have high self-esteem and have no problem giving credit to others. They want to help their people achieve their goals through teaching and coaching individuals to do their best; they achieve this through developing certain characteristics.The ten major characteristics of servant leadership are: listening, empathy, healing relationships, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization , foresight, stewardship, commitment to human resource placement, and commitment to building community (Nab, 2011). Without being knowledgeable of your talents, you cannot move forward without failure. Knowledge is control and great leadership starts with direction. Strengths of Servant Leadership The strengths of servant leadership includes self-awareness, morals, concern for others, and simplicity (Four Needed Strengths, 2011, p. ); all of which has its contributions to organizational development. Self-awareness is vital to servant leadership. Individuals already have the influence of cultural concepts of leadership resent in their lives so being self-aware of those influences will help the individual to combat them. According to Four Needed Strengths (201 1), servant leaders need to take the time to listen not only to themselves but to others as well; they must take the time to peel the layers back of their character to know who they are and what they stand for (p. 1) which takes me to the next strength, morals.Morals tie heavily with self-awareness and any leader needs to have morals and a strong sense of ethics (Four Needed Strengths, 2011, p. 1). The ethics, morals, values, creditability, and integrity that one possesses should drive their actions and how they lead but without them, large shadows will impact how they lead. The next strength is concern for others. Having concerns for others is about putting the need of others before your own needs. Servant leadership is about serving others over self-interest so servant leaders are less likely to practice self-serving behaviors which are behaviors that hurt others.Four Needed Strengths (2011) noted, â€Å"If you want to take servant leadership seriously you must first have concern for the needs of those that you lead with a servant's heart (p. 1). The last strength that I'm going to discuss is simplicity. Since the goal of servant leadership is to serve others that should be the main shared vision for ev eryone who is doing it. According Four Needed Strengths (201 1), by keeping it simple you can navigate back to the shared vision goal; keeping the aim simple and focused (p. 1).Instead of the traditional leadership style of dominating subordinates, servant leadership empowers subordinates and inspires them to perform; it places great importance on teamwork and building relationships. It also contributes to the all-around development of the employees. The servant leader remains patient, is forgiving, and always looks for the good in others (Nab, 2011). Again, this contributes to the all-around development of the employees. Weakness of Just as we have strengths in the belief of servant leadership, there are also weaknesses that we should stay away from.To be a servant leader and have no sense of direction or integrity is purposeless and a weakness. Sadly, a servant leader doesn't always lead by example, and many people are not influence by their purpose, of being a servant leader, you want understand the direction in which you must go as leader. The decision to act with selfishness, in fear, or without compassion is another weakness. It remains to be seen whether mankind can avoid the negative impact of rebellious individuals who refuse to be servant people.Some critics would argue that servant leadership has a too soft approach and unsuited for a competitive environment. They feel that serving leads to a situation where accountability or responsibility gets diluted. Others feel that when the company is faced with issues of downsizing, servant leadership would fall flat on its face because servant adhering thrust on human resource development. All members may not be on board with the commitment to building community among the team members and would prefer personal lives and work separate (Nab, 2011). Servant Leadership Servant Leadership What is it? The phrase â€Å"Servant Leadership† was coined by Robert K. Greenleaf in The Servant as a Leader, an essay he first published in 1970 (â€Å"What is servant,† ). The servant leader serves first, while aspiring to lead second. The servant leader serves the people that he or she leads, implying employees are an end in themselves rather than a means to organizational purpose or bottom-line. Servant leadership is meant to replace a command and control, top-down, model of management. Servant leadership encourages collaboration, trust, foresight, listening, and the ethical use of power and empowerment.A few famous examples of servant leaders are George Washington, Gandi and Caesar Chavez. Key Principles In a publication released by Nova Southeastern University, 10 principle characteristics were identified of servant leadership (â€Å"Leadership development -,† 2007). 1. Listening Listening skills are vital for all leadership styles. Serv ant leaders make a deep commitment to intently listen to others. They seek to identify the will of a group or individual and listen to what is being said. 2. Empathy It is important to understand and have compassion for others.People need to feel accepted and recognized for their unique qualities. Leaders must assume the good intentions and not reject them as people. 3. Healing Learning to heal is a powerful force for transformation and integration. A greatest strength of servant leaders is the potential to heal one’s self and others. 4. Awareness General awareness, especially self-awareness, strengthens the servant leaders. 5. Persuasion Leaders rely on persuasion rather than positional, authoritative, decision making. Seeking to convince others, rather than coerce, is a goal of the leader. 6. Conceptualize Dreaming great dreams† is an ability that must be self-nurtured in a leader. The ability to look at a quandary from a conceptualizing perspective means a leader mus t think beyond everyday realities. Leaders must seek balance conceptualization and day to day focus. 7. Foresight Foresight enables a leader to capitalize on lessons learned from the past, realities of the present and a likely outcome of a decision. 8. Stewardship Greenleaf’s view of all institutions was one in which CEO’s, staff, directors and trustees all play significant roles in holding institutions in trust for the greater good of society. . Commitment to the Growth of People Leaders believe people have an intrinsic value beyond tangible contributions as workers. As a result, genuine interest in the spiritual, professional and personal growth of all employees is demonstrated. 10. Building Community Leaders seek to identify a means for building a sense of community among those who work in a given institution. Differences from Other Styles In the approach on general leadership characteristics, the fundamental difference is authentic leaderships strive to be â€Å"r eal†, whereas servant leaders strive to be â€Å"right. Servant leadership is a style that lays down a set of characteristics that all leaders are supposed to emulate to attain success, and tries to shape the character and personality of the leader. On the other hand, authentic leaders tend to rely on their own unique set of experiences and style that has been learned and developed throughout their career. The main difference between servant and authentic styles, when applying into practice, is the serving of others. One of the primary applications is to give priority to the interest of others.Servant leaders exercise their duty by fulfilling needs, aspirations and duties of those in their organization. Authentic leaders don’t put much emphasis in responding to the needs or desires of others. Servant leaders’ style recommends listening, persuading, and empathy when approaching difficult situations, even in times of crisis. Authentic leaders are proactive and ada pt their style to the situation. These leaders can be inspiring in one situation and tough about people related issues in another (Nayab, 2010). Strengths/Weaknesses (Nayab, 2011) Strengths 1. Contribution to organizational development.Leaders proactively set the way, and will inspire subordinates to perform by empowering them to follow. Such inspiration leads to collective efforts, creating a synergy. 2. Contribution to the all-around development of the employee. The leader helps employees attain physical and intellectual vitality and fitness, allowing them to lead balance lives. 3. Servant leadership’s value based approach helps organizations in the business environment where values, empowerment, and commitment play a big role in success. Weaknesses 1. The soft approach does not fit well into a competitive environment.Servant leaders may lag behind those other styles better suited for a competitive environment. Accountability and responsibility may get diluted. 2. Does not always work or resolve issues related to employee-organization fit. A primary function of all leaders is to match candidates with organization objectives. Servant leaders put the individual’s goals/needs as the primary concern. 3. Building a sense of â€Å"community† among team members may not fit well for all members. Many wish not to share personal lives or aspirations with others at work. Personal ReflectionServant leadership may apply best in certain situations such as politics or association management. But in its purest theory, I am not convinced servant leadership is a practical leadership style 100% of the time, for any type of business. It does have many qualities that I agree with, and practice a large extent of the time. For example, I view everyone I work with as a customer. I see it as my responsibility to help them achieve success in their role. It is my duty to provide them with every resource needed in order to succeed, and it is their duty to tell me w hat they need.Sometimes, that includes a holistic approach, and sometimes it is as simple as acquiring a printer for them. I tread lightly when personal life problems present themselves, however. I will assist in providing direction for an employee to get the help they need, such as an EAP program, or a Pastor in our ministry development initiative. On the other hand, it is also my duty to provide corrective action, redirection, or other forms of performance feedback when employees stray from goals, objectives, vision, mission or values. As I mentioned, a part of my management style is to serve the needs of subordinates.I can’t deny it isn’t entirely for unselfish reasons. I use it as a motivational tactic to achieve positive outcomes. However, I am sincere in my communications in order to build trust. Good managers put the needs of others ahead of their own. However, good managers cannot put subordinate needs ahead of customers, organizational needs or stakeholder nee ds. Blending all styles of leadership and adapting to unique situations or people will produce positive outcomes in the long run. However, it is my opinion holding true to only one style of leadership may cause problems for the organization, or an individual manager.References: 1. What is servant leadership?. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. greenleaf. org/whatissl/ 2. Leadership development – Servant Leadership. (2007, August 1). Retrieved from http://www. nova. edu/studentleadership/development/servant_leadership. html 3. Nayab, N. (2010, June 8). Servant leadership vs. authentic leadership: What are the differences?. Retrieved from http://www. brighthub. com/office/home/articles/73574. aspx 4. Nayab, N. (2011, May 25). Servant leadership theory – strengths and weaknesses. Retrieved from http://www. brighthub. com/office/home/articles/73511. aspx? cid=parsely_rec Servant Leadership Servant leadership is both a leadership philosophy and set of leadership practices. Traditional leadership generally involves the accumulation and exercise of power by one at the â€Å"top of the pyramid. † By comparison, the servant-leader shares power, puts the needs of others first and helps people develop and perform as highly as possible. While servant leadership is a timeless concept, the phrase â€Å"servant leadership† was coined by Robert K. Greenleaf in The Servant as Leader, an essay that he first published in 1970.In that essay, Greenleaf said: â€Å"The servant-leader is servant first†¦ It begins with the natural feeling that one wants to serve, to serve first. Then conscious choice brings one to aspire to lead. That person is sharply different from one who is leader first, perhaps because of the need to assuage an unusual power drive or to acquire material possessions†¦The leader-first and the servant-first are two extreme types. Between them th ere are shadings and blends that are part of the infinite variety of human nature.† â€Å"The difference manifests itself in the care taken by the servant-first to make sure that other people’s highest priority needs are being served. The best test, and difficult to administer, is: Do those served grow as persons? Do they, while being served, become healthier, wiser, freer, more autonomous, more likely themselves to become servants? And, what is the effect on the least privileged in society? Will they benefit or at least not be further deprived? â€Å" Advantages †¢This concept is seen as a long-term concept to live and work and therefore has the potential to influence the society in a positive way.†¢The exemplary treatment of employees leads to an excellent treatment of customers by employees of the company and a high loyalty of the customers. †¢There is a high employee identification with the enterprise. †¢An excellent corporate culture is develo ped. †¢Leaders of a company define themselves by their significance to the people. †¢Servant Leadership can be used as a principle to improve the return on investment of staff, in all economic sectors. Managers who empower and respect their staff get better performance in return. Disadvantages†¢Servant Leadership is seen as a long-term application and therefore needs time for applying. †¢Lack of authority: Servant leadership can actually lead to a minimization of the authority of the subject manager and the overall management function in the business. When employees see their manager catering to their needs in an extreme manner, they are less likely to view him as an authoritative figure. If top management wants front-line mangers to push employees to better performance, it is difficult for the servant manager to step back into this role as a more dominant figure.†¢Demotivating: Servant leadership may lead to demotivation of employees, who then produce fewer results over time. It is comparable to a parent-child relationship in which the parent bails the child out of trouble by constantly stepping into to fix things or to do the work for the child. When employees believe their manager will step in to take care of any needs they have or to resolve issues that arise, they are more tempted to sit back and exert less effort in producing quality and put less thought into resolving issues or conflicts.†¢Limited vision: Leaders at all levels of a business are distinct from regular employees by their role of developing vision and providing direction. A manager needs to have some level of detachment from his employees so he can explore new opportunities, brainstorm ideas, resolve problems and formulate a picture on where his department, store or business is headed. Only by having this separation from employees can managers focus on vision and then step in to articulate the vision by providing direction to employees. Servant Leadership Servant Leadership What is it? The phrase â€Å"Servant Leadership† was coined by Robert K. Greenleaf in The Servant as a Leader, an essay he first published in 1970 (â€Å"What is servant,† ). The servant leader serves first, while aspiring to lead second. The servant leader serves the people that he or she leads, implying employees are an end in themselves rather than a means to organizational purpose or bottom-line. Servant leadership is meant to replace a command and control, top-down, model of management. Servant leadership encourages collaboration, trust, foresight, listening, and the ethical use of power and empowerment.A few famous examples of servant leaders are George Washington, Gandi and Caesar Chavez. Key Principles In a publication released by Nova Southeastern University, 10 principle characteristics were identified of servant leadership (â€Å"Leadership development -,† 2007). 1. Listening Listening skills are vital for all leadership styles. Serv ant leaders make a deep commitment to intently listen to others. They seek to identify the will of a group or individual and listen to what is being said. 2. Empathy It is important to understand and have compassion for others.People need to feel accepted and recognized for their unique qualities. Leaders must assume the good intentions and not reject them as people. 3. Healing Learning to heal is a powerful force for transformation and integration. A greatest strength of servant leaders is the potential to heal one’s self and others. 4. Awareness General awareness, especially self-awareness, strengthens the servant leaders. 5. Persuasion Leaders rely on persuasion rather than positional, authoritative, decision making. Seeking to convince others, rather than coerce, is a goal of the leader. 6. Conceptualize Dreaming great dreams† is an ability that must be self-nurtured in a leader. The ability to look at a quandary from a conceptualizing perspective means a leader mus t think beyond everyday realities. Leaders must seek balance conceptualization and day to day focus. 7. Foresight Foresight enables a leader to capitalize on lessons learned from the past, realities of the present and a likely outcome of a decision. 8. Stewardship Greenleaf’s view of all institutions was one in which CEO’s, staff, directors and trustees all play significant roles in holding institutions in trust for the greater good of society. . Commitment to the Growth of People Leaders believe people have an intrinsic value beyond tangible contributions as workers. As a result, genuine interest in the spiritual, professional and personal growth of all employees is demonstrated. 10. Building Community Leaders seek to identify a means for building a sense of community among those who work in a given institution. Differences from Other Styles In the approach on general leadership characteristics, the fundamental difference is authentic leaderships strive to be â€Å"r eal†, whereas servant leaders strive to be â€Å"right. Servant leadership is a style that lays down a set of characteristics that all leaders are supposed to emulate to attain success, and tries to shape the character and personality of the leader. On the other hand, authentic leaders tend to rely on their own unique set of experiences and style that has been learned and developed throughout their career. The main difference between servant and authentic styles, when applying into practice, is the serving of others. One of the primary applications is to give priority to the interest of others.Servant leaders exercise their duty by fulfilling needs, aspirations and duties of those in their organization. Authentic leaders don’t put much emphasis in responding to the needs or desires of others. Servant leaders’ style recommends listening, persuading, and empathy when approaching difficult situations, even in times of crisis. Authentic leaders are proactive and ada pt their style to the situation. These leaders can be inspiring in one situation and tough about people related issues in another (Nayab, 2010). Strengths/Weaknesses (Nayab, 2011) Strengths 1. Contribution to organizational development.Leaders proactively set the way, and will inspire subordinates to perform by empowering them to follow. Such inspiration leads to collective efforts, creating a synergy. 2. Contribution to the all-around development of the employee. The leader helps employees attain physical and intellectual vitality and fitness, allowing them to lead balance lives. 3. Servant leadership’s value based approach helps organizations in the business environment where values, empowerment, and commitment play a big role in success. Weaknesses 1. The soft approach does not fit well into a competitive environment.Servant leaders may lag behind those other styles better suited for a competitive environment. Accountability and responsibility may get diluted. 2. Does not always work or resolve issues related to employee-organization fit. A primary function of all leaders is to match candidates with organization objectives. Servant leaders put the individual’s goals/needs as the primary concern. 3. Building a sense of â€Å"community† among team members may not fit well for all members. Many wish not to share personal lives or aspirations with others at work. Personal ReflectionServant leadership may apply best in certain situations such as politics or association management. But in its purest theory, I am not convinced servant leadership is a practical leadership style 100% of the time, for any type of business. It does have many qualities that I agree with, and practice a large extent of the time. For example, I view everyone I work with as a customer. I see it as my responsibility to help them achieve success in their role. It is my duty to provide them with every resource needed in order to succeed, and it is their duty to tell me w hat they need.Sometimes, that includes a holistic approach, and sometimes it is as simple as acquiring a printer for them. I tread lightly when personal life problems present themselves, however. I will assist in providing direction for an employee to get the help they need, such as an EAP program, or a Pastor in our ministry development initiative. On the other hand, it is also my duty to provide corrective action, redirection, or other forms of performance feedback when employees stray from goals, objectives, vision, mission or values. As I mentioned, a part of my management style is to serve the needs of subordinates.I can’t deny it isn’t entirely for unselfish reasons. I use it as a motivational tactic to achieve positive outcomes. However, I am sincere in my communications in order to build trust. Good managers put the needs of others ahead of their own. However, good managers cannot put subordinate needs ahead of customers, organizational needs or stakeholder nee ds. Blending all styles of leadership and adapting to unique situations or people will produce positive outcomes in the long run. However, it is my opinion holding true to only one style of leadership may cause problems for the organization, or an individual manager.References: 1. What is servant leadership?. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. greenleaf. org/whatissl/ 2. Leadership development – Servant Leadership. (2007, August 1). Retrieved from http://www. nova. edu/studentleadership/development/servant_leadership. html 3. Nayab, N. (2010, June 8). Servant leadership vs. authentic leadership: What are the differences?. Retrieved from http://www. brighthub. com/office/home/articles/73574. aspx 4. Nayab, N. (2011, May 25). Servant leadership theory – strengths and weaknesses. Retrieved from http://www. brighthub. com/office/home/articles/73511. aspx? cid=parsely_rec

Determining Databases and Data Communications Essay

The business we have chosen to review is AT&T. They are currently using the Window 7 and Mac OS x operating systems and Office 2010 as their business software. They also have some equipment-specific software that uses the Linux and some function specific software as GCAS, a mobile dispatch interface or Granite, a visual database program. Using the Windows 7 OS gives AT&T its dependability; many of the other Microsoft operating systems are not as popular or user friendly. Windows 7 is the finest OS Microsoft has created since XP—some might say since Windows 2000. Many users just do not like other versions, like Windows 8 or Windows Vista, but Windows 7 and Microsoft work well for AT&T because of the previous history and familiarity with AT&T’s employees. AT&T has been using a Windows OS ever since Windows first went on the market or very soon thereafter. AT&T also benefits from a much discounted price because of their volume of sales with their employment numbers reaching approximately 260,000. So far, Windows far surpasses other operating systems for business needs, mainly because of its dominance in the marketplace. But more recently AT&T U-Verse technicians rely on mobile devices, including Apple Inc.’s iPads and iPhones, working on the Mac OS X, which launch AT&T-specific applications to dispatch technicians for U-verse customer appointments and to conduct network testing and other daily activities in the field. Today technicians work with far more advanced equipment, mostly digital, to install and maintain a more advanced set of products and services (Stemle, 2012). Windows is also a good fit for the Microsoft Office product which AT&T uses for its word processing, spreadsheet use, the Access database, and the largely popular PowerPoint presentation software. In addition, AT&T uses Outlook for e-mail. This suite of progra ms adds to the discount received from Microsoft for a large volume purchase. The Linux operating system has the advantage of being a  standard in equipment operating systems, especially for the system. The disadvantage is most equipment manufacturers write their own software programs and tend to make it proprietary so it can be expensive and not easily replaceable. AT&T Wireless has been using Granite Systems since 2000 to remove resource redundancy, improve network dependability and accelerate service deployment. Although, specific functional programs have the benefit of solving a specific need, but giving one programming company control over the price and upgrade path. The Craft Access System was a program, developed in 1984 by AT&T subsidiary Bellsouth Telecommunications Advanced Systems Division, which allowed telephone installers and repair technicians to gain access to their work order system by using different handheld PC equipment that connects to a landline telephone system. Now called GCAS, Global Craft Access System, this software is currently used worldwide so dispatchers can send problem notifications and install information to technicians. The technicians can send messages to the dispatchers and receive them also. In addition they can clock in and out, report outcomes for trouble calls, send their location information, and print receipts for customers to sign after the job has been completed (Dispatch and Service Support System, 2014). Determining Operating Systems and Software Applications Table Operating Systems Horizontal-Market Applications Vertical-Market Applications One-of-a-Kind Market Applications AT&T Microsoft MS Windows 7 MS Word Linux Proprietary OS Description of how it is used Users use OS to interface with the computer and its software applications MS Word is a widely accepted word-processing program that can be used for creating documents, letters, flyers, learning activities, and homework assignments for students. Operating system for different phone company  equipment; e.g. VM, routers, switches Complex equipment vendors using their version only, not an open system Typical user Secretary, Executive, Engineers and Technicians Entire organization, Legal, HR, Accounting, Marketing, Research, Engineering, Labs, Technicians, etc. Network Engineer and Technicians Vendor Engineer and Technicians Advantages Familiar so easy to use and everyone in the company uses same version Widely used so most new applicants for work will have experience at work, home, or school Fast dependable, widely distributed and used Speed, Dependability, Advantage over the competition Disadvantages It is not the latest version, so not the latest benefits Large file size, a lot of meta information gets saved along the way when changing and saving a Word file that can expand its size. Word can be very prone to viruses and malware. Additionally, users have complained that there are too many options. It is not easy to navigate; mistakes cause major problems and recovery not possible. Locked into that vendor, pay more, maybe get less, hard to move up in technology development. References 1. Dispatch and service support system. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2010/0049576.html 2. Stemle, C. (2012, August 24). AT&T technicians use iPads, iPhones out in the field. Louisville Business First. Retrieved from http://www.bizjournals.com/louisville/print-edition/2012/08/24/technology-att-technicians-use.html?page=all

Impact of the recent soaring of food prices on food security and the risk of malnutrition in the horn of africa Essay Example

Impact of the recent soaring of food prices on food security and the risk of malnutrition in the horn of africa Essay Example Impact of the recent soaring of food prices on food security and the risk of malnutrition in the horn of africa Essay Impact of the recent soaring of food prices on food security and the risk of malnutrition in the horn of africa Essay ( Riely et al. , 1999, FAO, 2006 ) . There are 4 cardinal elements incorporated into this definition including nutrient handiness, nutrient entree, use and stableness ( FAO, 2006 ) . These imply that nutrient must be available in sufficient measure and quality either imported or produced, that there must be equal tools or pecuniary resources for its acquisition, that nutrient must be prepared and consumed in a alimentary and hygienic mode and eventually that the hazard of losing any of these elements should be continuously low. Thus lacks in any of these elements can take to nutrient insecurity. The GHA is a part that has suffered from long term nutrient insecurity. This part includes Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Dijibouti, Tanzania, Kenya, Sudan and Uganda every bit good as parts of the Central African Republic ( CAR ) and the Democratic Republic of Congo ( DRC ) . From the period 1988-2005 these states have faced critical nutrient insecurities that have required external nutrient aid for at least 10 or more old ages with Somaila, DRC, Ethiopia and Sudan confronting nutrient insecurities for the full continuance of that period i.e. 15 old ages or more ( FAO, 2006 ) . The causes of nutrient insecurity The GHA part continues to be nutrient insecure due to multiple factors. First drought and fickle rainfalls combined with deforestation have ruined dirt quality ensuing in reduced harvest outputs and grazing land for croping animate beings ( Riely et al. , 1999 ) . From February to September 2008 there was good below mean rainfall in many parts of the GHA bespeaking moderate to badly dry conditions in south-eastern Ethiopia, Somalia, Dijibouti and parts of Kenya ( FEWS_Net, 2008a, FEWS_Net, 2008b, FEWS_Net, 2008c ) . The below normal dirt wet degrees have led to the failure of the corn harvest in some parts of the GHA. In add-on, political instability and armed struggles make it progressively hard to set up and keep the appropriate market substructure to organize entree and distribution of nutrient to the population ( Riely et al. , 1999 ) . For illustration Somalia has merely late established a transitional national authorities after about a decennary embroiled in internal struggle ( 1991-2000 ) without a functioning authorities ( Bureau_of_African_Affairs, 2010 ) . This drawn-out struggle has led to around 980,000 internally displaced people who are unable to prosecute in economic activity and entirely dependent on external nutrient assistance. In add-on, the 2008 post-election force in Kenya resulted in nutrient insecurity for about 257,000 people due to internal supplanting ( FEWS_Net, 2008d ) . Thus the combination of these factors reduces the ability of the local population to obtain sufficient nutrient from local economic activity and increases dependance on international markets and assistance. The cost of nutrient is a major determiner of nutrient handiness and entree. The GHA part is a net importer of nutrient, particularly of cereals from international markets due to lacks in production capacity ( IFRC, 2008 ) . The period from 2006-2008 proverb record degrees of nutrient monetary value additions globally, particularly of cereals including rice and corn. The Food and Agricultural Organization ( FAO ) monetary value index for cereals increased by about 90 % from March 2007 to March 2008 and a more than 200 % addition since 2000 ( FAO, 2008 ) . Furthermore, despite overall additions in universe cereal production, the stock-to-utilization ratio of cereals remained comparatively low at 18.8 % ( FAO, 2008 ) . This has been attributed to hapless crops and high internal demand in major exporting parts such as Australia and the EU, every bit good as increased usage of harvests for bio-fuels ( ~100,000,000 metric tons globally in 2007/08 ) , therefore doing less cereal available for export ( FAO, 2008 ) . Furthermore, in the GHA part there were modest additions in domestic cereal production from 2006-2009, excepting a brief dip in 2007, from 33.9 million metric tons to 34.7 million metric tons. However, this was deficient to run into demands, partially due to the high population growing. Furthermore the import demands really increased for the part from 6,203,000 metric tons in 2007/08 to 6,577,000 metric tons in 2008/09 ( FAO, 2009 ) . In add-on, lifting fuel monetary values contributed to increased cargo costs for importing harvests and fertiliser. The monetary value of rough oil peaked at $ 147/barrel in July 2008 before worsening below $ 50 by the terminal of 2008 ( Human_Development_NetworkandPoverty_Reduction_and_Economic_Management_Network, 2008 ) . Therefore, a combination of deficient domestic production, reduced handiness on the international market every bit good the comparatively higher transit costs for importing have all contributed to driving the monetary value of nutrient high taking to nutrient insecurity. For illustration in Somalia the monetary value of imported rice and cereals went up by 200-400 % in 2007/08 ( Sheeran and Diouf, 2009 ) . In most of the GHA states where the bulk of household income is spent on nutrient, this has resulted in get bying schemes that could increase the hazard of hapless wellness and malnutrition. The increased hazard of malnutrition due to nutrient insecurity There is grounds that many people within the GHA are at hazard of malnutrition due to nutrient insecurity. Two parts most extremely at hazard are Somalia and Ethiopia ( Human_Development_Network and Poverty_Reduction_and_Economic_Management_Network, 2008 ) . The Food Security Analysis Unit Somalia ( FSAU-S ) reported in July 2007 that 6/18 parts were critical for their nutrition position with the bulk being either qui vive or serious, nevertheless by August 2008 all parts were either critical or badly critical ( FSAU-Somalia, 2008 ) . Very critical nutrition state of affairss are indicated by Global Acute Malnutrition ( GAM ) rates of above 15 % . Southern territories of Somalia were most badly affected including Bakool with a GAM rate of 24.1 % and 25.5 % in the agro-pastoral and pastoral populations severally every bit good as a GAM rate of 23.3 % and 25.5 % for the Gedo pastoral and riverine support zones, severally ( FSAU-Somalia, 2008 ) . In add-on, within many southern territo ries in Ethiopia surrounding Somalia, UNICEF estimated that 120,000 kids had less than 1 month to populate and that 6 million kids were at hazard of terrible acute malnutrition due to nutrient insecurity ( USAID, 2008 ) . Thus the hazard of malnutrition has increased during the period of the planetary nutrient crisis. It is of import to appreciate that high nutrient monetary values in themselves would non do malnutrition but they have exacerbated the hazard in a part already enduring from nutrient insecurity due to deficient production, civil agitation and hapless conditions. Malnutrition and the menace of famishment have forced people to follow get bying schemes which are farther detrimental to their nutritionary position and do it more hard for them to retrieve in the long term. Rising nutrient costs erode the people s buying power cut downing entree to sufficient measures of nutrient. Many people hence have to cut down their nutrient intake doing them to go ill-fed and less able to contend disease. There are cutbacks in the usage of dearly-won wellness and instruction services, which means that less healthy and economically productive populations will emerge in the long term, farther intensifying the growing chances of the part. ( Human_Development_Network and Poverty_Reduction_and_Economic_Management_Network, 2008 ) . Therefore early intercessions are critical to forestall malnutrition and irreparable harm to populations. Such populations are as a consequence less likely to be self-sufficing and more dependent on international nutrient assistance in t he hereafter. Decision The surging cost of nutrient due to monetary value additions during 2006-2008 has resulted in decreased entree to nutrient in the GHA part. This by and large nutrient insecure part has been unable to set to market conditions which have caused a rise in nutrient import measures ensuing in higher nutrient monetary values for domestic consumers. Furthermore at the single degree the decreased entree to nutrient has resulted in most domestic consumers non possessing the resources to keep a pre-crisis nutrient consumption. This has led to a undernourishment in parts of the GHA and get bying schemes that make long term recovery hard. It is hence critical for International assistance bureaus to organize a fast alleviation response in order to cut down the figure of people going malnourished and to forestall hard long term effects of undernourishment particularly for kids. This will intend that non merely more nutrient assistance be delivered but besides conflict declaration and agricultural investing so these states are better able to get by with dazes in the hereafter. Mentions BUREAU_OF_AFRICAN_AFFAIRS ( 2010 ) Background Note: Somalia. US Department of State. FAO ( 2006 ) Food Security. Food and Agricultural Organization Policy Brief. FAO ( 2008 ) Crop Prospects and Food Situation 2. Economic and Social Development Department, Food and Agricultural Organization. FAO ( 2009 ) Crop Prospects and Food Situation 3. Economic and Social Development Department, Food and Agricultural Organization. FEWS_NET ( 2008a ) Ethiopia Food Security Outlook. WFP ; USAID. FEWS_NET ( 2008b ) Hazards Impacts Assessment for Africa June 19 25, 2008. The USAID FEWS NET Weather. FEWS_Net ; USAID. FEWS_NET ( 2008c ) Hazards Impacts Assessment for Africa September 18 24, 2008. The USAID FEWS NET Weather. FEWS_Net ; USAID. FEWS_NET ( 2008d ) Post-election struggle causes utmost nutrient insecurity in rural countries, urban centres. Kenya Food Security Emergency. USAID. FSAU-SOMALIA ( 2008 ) Nutrition Update: Particular Focus on Gu 08. Food and Agricultural Organization. HUMAN_DEVELOPMENT_NETWORK A ; POVERTY_REDUCTION_AND_ECONOMIC_MANAGEMENT_NETWORK ( 2008 ) Rising Food and Fuel Monetary values: Addressing the hazards to future coevalss. The World Bank. IFRC ( 2008 ) Horn of Africa: Exceeding nutrient security crisis. Operationss Update. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Cresent Societies. RIELY, F. , NANCY MOCK, COGILL, B. , BAILEY, L. A ; KENEFICK, E. ( 1999 ) Food Security Indicators and Framework for Use in the Monitoring and Evaluation of Food Aid Programs. Food and Nutrition Technical aid. Office of Health and Nutrition, USAID. SHEERAN, J. A ; DIOUF, J. ( 2009 ) Food Aid for Emergency Relief and Protection of Livelihoods. Somalia Emergency Operation 10812.0. World Food Programme. USAID ( 2008 ) Global Food Insecurity and Price Increase update # 3. USAID.

Historical SAT Test Dates for 2014, 2013 and More

Historical SAT Test Dates for 2014, 2013 and More SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Historical test dates for the SAT are important for many accurate records. However, the College Board at this point doesn't maintain an easy database of SAT dates for 2014, 2013, 2012, 20, and so forth. We at PrepScholar have done the hard work to dig up the old records. See below! Note: if you are looking for future SAT test dates instead, look here! School Year of 2014-2015 The source for this year was Official College Board data. Test Date Normal Reg Late Reg Oct , 2014 Sep 12, 2014 Sep 26, 2014 Nov 1, 2014 Oct 3, 2014 Oct 17, 2014 Dec 6, 2014 Nov 7, 2014 Nov 21, 2014 Jan 24, 2015 Dec 26, 2014 Jan 9, 2015 Mar 7, 2015 Feb 6, 2015 Feb 20, 2015 May 2, 2015 Apr 3, 2015 Apr 17, 2015 Jun 6, 2015 May 8, 2015 May 22, 2015 School Year of 2013-2014 The source for this year was Official College Board data. Test Date Normal Reg Late Reg Oct 5, 2013 Sep 6, 2013 Sep 20, 2013 Nov 2, 2013 Oct 4, 2013 Oct 18, 2013 Dec 7, 2013 Nov 8, 2013 Nov 22, 2013 Jan 25, 2014 Dec 27, 2013 Jan 10, 2014 Mar 8, 2014 Feb 7, 2014 Feb 21, 2014 May 3, 2014 Apr 4, 2014 Apr 18, 2014 Jun 7, 2014 May 9, 2014 May 23, 2014 More Years Below! Found this article useful? Get a lot more helpful information with our Free SAT ebook! School Year of 2012-2013 The source for this year was Official College Board data. Test Date Normal Reg Late Reg Oct 6, 2012 Sep 7, 2012 Sep 21, 2012 Nov 3, 2012 Oct 4, 2012 Oct 19, 2012 Dec 1, 2012 Nov 1, 2012 Nov 16, 2012 Jan 26, 2013 Dec 28, 2012 Jan , 2013 Mar 9, 2013 Feb 8, 2013 Feb 22, 2013 May 4, 2013 Apr 5, 2013 Apr 19, 2013 Jun 1, 2013 May 2, 2013 May 17, 2013 School Year of 20-2012 The source for this year was a trusted institutional source secondarily based on Official College Board data. Test Date Normal Reg Late Reg Oct 1, 20 Sep 9, 20 Sep 21, 20 Nov 5, 20 Oct 7, 20 Oct 21, 20 Dec 3, 20 Nov 8, 20 Nov 20, 20 Jan 28, 2012 Dec 30, 2012 Jan 13, 2012 Mar 10, 2012 Feb 10, 2012 Feb 24, 2012 May 5, 2012 Apr 6, 2012 Apr 20, 2012 Jun 2, 2012 May 8, 2012 May 22, 2012 School Year of 2010-20 The source for this year was a trusted institutional source secondarily based on Official College Board data. Test Date Normal Reg Late Reg Oct 9, 2010 Sep 10, 2010 Sep 24, 2010 Nov 6, 2010 Oct 8, 2010 Oct 22, 2010 Dec 4, 2010 Nov 5, 2010 Nov 19, 2010 Jan 22, 20 Dec 23, 20 Jan 7, 20 Mar 12, 20 Feb , 20 Feb 25, 20 May 7, 20 Apr 8, 20 Apr 22, 20 Jun 4, 20 May 6, 20 May 20, 20 School Year of 2009-2010 The source for this year was a trusted secondary school institutional source secondarily based on Official College Board data. Test Date Normal Reg Late Reg Oct 10, 2009 Sep 9, 2009 Sep 23, 2009 Nov 7, 2009 Oct 1, 2009 Oct 15, 2009 Dec 5, 2009 Oct 30, 2009 Nov 12, 2009 Jan 23, 2010 Dec 15, 2009 Dec 30, 2009 Mar 13, 2010 Feb 4, 2010 Feb 18, 2010 May 1, 2010 Mar 25, 2010 Apr 8, 2010 Jun 5, 2010 Apr 29, 2010 May 13, 2010 School Year of 2008-2009 The source for this year was a trusted collegiate institutional source secondarily based on Official College Board data. Test Date Normal Reg Late Reg Oct 4, 2008 Sep 9, 2008 Sep 16, 2008 Nov 1, 2008 Sep 26, 2008 Oct 10, 2008 Dec 6, 2008 Nov 5, 2008 Nov 18, 2008 Jan 24, 2009 Dec 26, 2008 Jan6, 2009 Mar 14, 2009 Feb 10, 2009 Feb 24, 2009 May 2, 2009 Mar 31, 2009 Apr 9, 2009 Jun 6, 2009 May 5, 2009 May 15, 2009 How to Use These SAT Data These historical test days can help you with your application, and help you predict when future SAT test dates are. If you are planning to take the SAT again and want to improve, subscribe to our blog! Found this article useful? Get a lot more helpful with our Free SAT Ebook! Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Dr. Fred Zhang About the Author Fred is co-founder of PrepScholar. He scored a perfect score on the SAT and is passionate about sharing information with aspiring students. Fred graduated from Harvard University with a Bachelor's in Mathematics and a PhD in Economics. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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